What Every Woman Needs to Know About Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer often whispers before it shouts, and catching it early can make all the difference. Want to know more about cervical cancer and what signs to look for? You have come to the right place. Let’s dive deep into what every woman needs to know about cervical cancer.
What is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer is a cancer that develops in the cells of the cervix—the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. This type of cancer begins when healthy cells in the cervix undergo changes (dysplasia) that cause them to grow uncontrollably.[1] Over time, these abnormal cells can form a mass or tumor, which may invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body if not treated early.
Types of Cervical Cancer [2]:
The most common type, accounting for about 80-90% of cervical cancers. It begins in the squamous cells, which are the thin, flat cells lining the outer part of the cervix.
Develops in the glandular cells that line the cervical canal. Although less common than squamous cell carcinoma, it can be harder to detect due to its location higher up in the cervix.
What are the Main Cervical Cancer Causes?
Cervical cancer is primarily linked to certain risk factors, most of which are preventable or manageable. You’ve probably heard of HPV being one, but if you wonder what causes cervical cancer besides HPV, scroll down to learn about other common reasons.[3]
- Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection:
HPV, a common sexually transmitted infection, is responsible for nearly 99% of cervical cancer cases. While most HPV infections clear up on their own, some types can cause changes in cervical cells that may develop into cancer over time. Regular screening and HPV vaccine are crucial for reducing this risk.
- Smoking:
Smoking doubles the risk of cervical cancer. The chemicals in tobacco can damage the DNA of cervical cells and weaken the immune system, making it harder for the body to clear HPV infections. Women who smoke and have HPV are at an even higher risk for developing cervical cancer.
- Multiple Sexual Partners and Early Sexual Activity:
Having multiple sexual partners or becoming sexually active at a young age increases the risk of HPV infection. The more sexual partners you or your partner have, the greater the risk of contracting HPV and other STIs that can further increase cervical cancer risk.
- Weakened Immune System:
A weakened immune system, whether from HIV infection, autoimmune diseases, or long-term use of immunosuppressive medications, can make it harder for the body to fight off HPV infections, increasing the risk of cervical cancer.
- Exposure to Miscarriage Prevention Drugs (DES):
Women whose mothers took diethylstilbestrol (DES), a drug given in the 1950s and 1960s to prevent miscarriage, have a higher risk of developing a rare type of cervical cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma. Though this is less common today, it is still an important factor for those with this specific history.
Common Cervical Cancer Symptoms
Recognizing the visible signs of cervical cancer can make a significant difference in treatment outcomes. Cervical cancer often doesn’t show symptoms in the early stages, making regular screenings crucial. However, as the cancer progresses, several noticeable symptoms may develop.
If you’re experiencing any of the following, it’s essential to consult a healthcare provider[4] for further evaluation:
- Unusual Vaginal Bleeding:
This is one of the most common stage 1 cervical cancer symptoms. Bleeding may occur between menstrual periods, after sex, or post-menopause.
- Abnormal Vaginal Discharge:
A watery, bloody, or foul-smelling vaginal discharge that is different from your normal flow can be a symptom of cervical cancer.
- Pain During Sex (Dyspareunia):
Experiencing pain during or after sexual intercourse can be another symptom of cervical cancer. This pain could be caused by tumors in the cervix that make contact painful.
- Pelvic Pain:
Persistent pain in the pelvic region that isn’t associated with your menstrual cycle can be a warning sign.
- Leg Pain or Swelling:
As cervical cancer progresses, it can cause leg pain, swelling, or a feeling of heaviness, due to the tumor pressing against nerves or lymph nodes.
- Other Advanced Symptoms:
In more advanced stages, symptoms like unexplained weight loss, fatigue, back pain, or difficulty urinating or defecating may occur.
How is Cervical Cancer Diagnosed?
Diagnosing cervical cancer involves a series of tests that help detect abnormal changes in the cells of your cervix before they develop into cancer. Here are the primary methods[5] used to diagnose cervical cancer:
- HPV Test & Pap Smear:
The HPV test checks for high-risk types of Human Papillomavirus (HPV), which can lead to cervical cancer. It is often done along with a Pap smear, especially for women over 30, to provide a more comprehensive screening.
- Colposcopy & Biopsy:
If a Pap smear or HPV test shows abnormalities, a colposcopy may be performed. This procedure uses a special microscope to examine the cervix for any suspicious areas closely, and a biopsy may be taken if needed.
- Imaging Tests:
If cancer is confirmed, imaging tests like CT scans, MRIs, or PET scans may be used to determine the extent of the cancer's spread and help plan treatment.
Stages of Cervical Cancer
There are 4 main stages of cervical cancer based on the extent of cancer spread in your body.[6]
Stage I:
Cancer is only in the cervix and hasn’t spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes. Treatment usually involves surgery, such as a hysterectomy, and possibly radiation.
Stage II:
Cancer has spread beyond the cervix to nearby areas but not to the pelvic wall or lower third of the vagina. Treatment often involves radiation combined with chemotherapy.
Stage III:
Cancer has reached the lower part of the vagina or pelvic wall and may block the ureters or affect nearby lymph nodes. Treatment typically involves aggressive radiation and chemotherapy.
Stage IV:
The most advanced stage is where cancer has spread to other body parts like the bladder, rectum, lungs, liver, or bones. Treatment may include radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or clinical trials to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Taking Charge of Your Cervical Health
Being aware of your cervical health is simple and empowering. Regular Pap smears, HPV testing, and vaccinations are your best defenses against cervical cancer. A healthy lifestyle like quitting smoking and eating nutrient-rich foods boosts your body’s ability to fight off HPV. If your screening results are abnormal, prompt follow-ups can stop potential issues before they escalate. By staying informed and taking proactive steps, you can protect yourself against cervical cancer and encourage others to do the same. Prevention is the key to long-term cervical health.
FAQs
Q. How serious is Cervical Cancer?
Ans: Cervical cancer can be very serious, especially if not detected early. In its early stages, it is often highly treatable with a good prognosis. However, if it progresses to later stages, it can spread to other parts of the body, making treatment more challenging and reducing survival rates. Regular screenings, such as Pap smears and HPV tests, are crucial for early detection and better outcomes.
Q. Can Cervical Cancer be cured?
Ans: Yes, cervical cancer can often be cured, especially if detected early.[7] In the early stages (Stage I and II), cervical cancer treatment options such as surgery (like hysterectomy), radiation therapy, or chemotherapy can be highly effective in eradicating cancer. For more advanced stages (Stage III and IV), treatment may still control cancer and prolong life, but the chances of a complete cure decrease.